A tale of african lizards

The lizards are the most diverse,abundant and visible group of the reptiles.No one visits East Africa without seeing a few lizards.Over4450 species  are known world wide.in  East Africa just under 200 species are known so far.The world’s largest lizard is the Komondo dragon Varanus Komodoensis

A monitor from south east asia that weighs upto 160 kg and may be 3.1 m in length.East Africa’s longest lizard is the Nile monitor reaching about 2.7 m or more.the smallest is the cape dwarf gecko,6 cm long (adult).There are no venomous lizards in Africa; two venomous species (gila Monster Heloderma suspectum and beaded lizard Heloderma  horridum)are found in southern North America.,

However many people in East Africa fear lizards especially chameleon ,but usually for superstitious reasons.

Lizards occupy a wide range of habitats,from the artic circle to the equator; they are nearly all terestial ,although  a few are semi-aquaitic ,and there are marine iguanas in galapago islands.In east Africa ,lizards range from montane moorlands at 3500m down to the intertidal zone where little coral-rag skink cryptoblepharis boutii hunts.Lizards are particularly numerous in the drier savanna areas od east Africa,especially where there are rocks;they tend to be rare in high altitudes forest.

In eastern and northern –eastern kenya ,there has been  a tremendous radiation of small geckoes and lacertids;no doubt there are still several un described species there.The most numerous  families in East Africa are the Geckos(55 species),the Skinks(45 species),and the chameleons (40 Species).Unlike snakes ,some lizards are social animals,living in structured colonies .Some species are commensal with man ,living in houses on on walls.

All lizards have scales,usually overlapping ,but they may be granular or juxtaposed.Most lizards have four limbs,but a few have none(so called ‘’snake –lizards’’)and some have only two.Most lizard have external ears ,snakes do not.the two halves of the lower jaw are fused,unlike those odf snakes.The tongue is not withdrawn into a sheath and unlike a snake’s tongue,is usually fleshy and undivided(except in monitors which have forked tongues).Most lizards can shed their tailif seized,and later grow a nwe one;in east Africa the only lizards that cannot do this are the monitors and chameleons.Lizards defence mechanism includes flight.camouflage and concealment ;some of the bigger species can give consinderable bite;monitors can also scratch  with their claws and lash accurately with their tail.

Lizards have many enemies in East Africa,in particular snakes,small mammalian carnivores and predatory birds.Most Lizards eat insects and other arthropods,but a few species are totally or partially herbivorous,often liking flowers or brightly coloured fruit.Most lizards lay eggs.some guard the eggs,a few species gives live birth .there are about 20 familes of lizards,of which eight occur in East Africa;they are the monitors (varanidae),geckoes (gekkonidae),agamas (Agamidae),chameleons (chamaelonidae),skinks(scincidae),typical Lizard or lacertids(lacerticidae),plated lizards and relatives (Gerrhosauridae) and girdled lizards and relatives(cordylidae).Lizards are more visible and more confiding than snakes.

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The laughter of Spotted hyenas

Spotted Hyena Scientific Name: Crocuta crocuta (spotted hyena) Swahili : Fisi Which weighs from 90 to 190 lbs, have a gestation period of about 100 days and stay in captivity upto 22 years. The hyena (spelled "hyeana" in some parts of the world) is Africa's most common large carnivore. 

In ancient Egypt, hyenas were domesticated, fattened and eaten, and in turn, humans have on occasion become food for hyenas. Reputed to be cowardly and timid, the hyena can be bold and dangerous, attacking animals and humans. Female spotted hyenas are dominant over the males and outweigh them by about 3 pounds. It is difficult to distinguish between the sexes in the field because external female genitalia have a superficial similarity to those of the male. Spotted hyenas are found in grasslands, woodlands, savannas, subdeserts, forest edges and mountains and an animal you won't miss while in your kenya safari.

Spotted hyenas are organized into territorial clans of related individuals. The center of clan activity is the den, where the cubs are raised and individuals meet. Hyenas mark and patrol their territories by depositing a strong-smelling substance produced by the anal glands on stalks of grass along the boundaries. "Latrines," places where members of a clan deposit their droppings, also mark territories. Hyenas are social animals that communicate with one another through specific calls, postures and signals. Hyenas usually bear litters of two to four cubs, which, unlike the other two species, are born with their eyes open. 

Cubs begin to eat meat from kills near the den at about 5 months, but they are suckled for as long as 12 to 18 months, an unusually long time for carnivores. At about 1 year, cubs begin to follow their mothers on their hunting and scavenging forays. Until then, they are left behind at the den with a babysitting adult. The spotted hyena is a skillful hunter but also an opportunistic scavenger. It consumes animals of various types and sizes, carrion, bones, vegetable matter and other animals' droppings.

The powerful jaws and digestive tract of the hyena allow it to process and obtain nutrients from skin and bones. The only parts of prey not fully digested are hair, horns and hooves - these are regurgitated in the form of pellets. The high mineral content of the bones hyenas consume make their droppings a highly visible, chalky white. Hyenas make a variety of vocalizations, including wailing calls, howling screams and the well-known "laughter" used to alert other clan members up to three miles away of a food source. Hyenas eat a great variety of animal products, vegetation and, according to campers, even aluminum pots and pans. 

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